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Lupinus polyphyllus is a short-lived, perennial, leguminous herb native to the eastern and western states of the USA and Canada. It can be found in a range of habitat types, such as road verges, wastelands and meadows, to more shady forest edges. Lupinus polyphyllus forms dense stands and may shade out native species. It is nitrogen-fixing species, and thus, it increases soil nitrogen content.
Gederaas L., Moen T.L., Skjelseth S., Larsen L.K. (2012): Alien species in Norway – with the Norwegian Black List 2012. The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, Norway.
Jogan N., Bačič M., Krajšek S.S. (2012): Neobiota Slovenije, končno poročilo projekta. Oddelek za biologijo BF UL, Ljubljana.
Tyler T., Karlsson T., Milberg P., Sahlin U., Sundberg S. (2015): Invasive plant species in the Swedish flora: developing criteria and definitions, and assessing the invasiveness of individual taxa. Nordic Journal of Botany 33, 300–317.
